Abstract

The rapid advancement of electronic devices has led to increasing environmental concerns due to the accumulation of electronic waste (e-waste). Biodegradable electronics present a promising solution by integrating sustainable materials with innovative engineering to create devices that decompose naturally after their functional lifespan. This review explores the latest developments in biodegradable materials, fabrication techniques, and applications in transient electronics. We discuss organic and inorganic substrates, conductive polymers, and biodegradable semiconductors, along with their degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance and environmental impact of these devices, highlighting their potential in medical implants, environmental sensors, and consumer electronics. The challenges of scalability, stability, and cost-effectiveness are also addressed, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance this field.