Abstract

Water scarcity and contamination are critical global challenges that demand innovative and sustainable solutions. Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising tool for water purification due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as high surface area, reactivity, and tunable functionalities. This article explores the application of nanomaterials in water purification, focusing on their role in adsorption, catalysis, membrane filtration, and disinfection. The review highlights the sustainable aspects of nanomaterials, including their potential for reuse, reduced chemical usage, and energy efficiency. The discussion also addresses the challenges and future prospects of nanomaterials in water treatment, emphasizing the need for eco-friendly synthesis, scalability, and risk assessment. This comprehensive review aims to provide insights into the transformative potential of nanomaterials for achieving clean and sustainable water solutions.