Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a significant and growing burden on global health, characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and emerging therapeutic strategies for major neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We explore the latest advancements in gene therapy, stem cell therapy, immunotherapy, and small molecule drugs, highlighting their potential to modify disease progression and improve patient outcomes. The article also discusses the challenges and future directions in the development of effective treatments for these debilitating conditions.