Abstract

Rapid environmental change driven by habitat loss, climate change, urbanization, and agricultural expansion is reshaping ecosystems across the globe. Among the most affected biological relationships are insect–plant interactions, which form the foundation of terrestrial food webs and ecosystem functioning. This paper explores how insects and plants respond adaptively—both evolutionarily and ecologically—to rapid environmental and habitat changes. It synthesizes current research on phenotypic plasticity, genetic adaptation, shifts in phenology, altered mutualisms, trophic restructuring, and urban-driven evolutionary pressures. Empirical studies suggest that while some insect and plant species exhibit remarkable resilience through behavioral shifts, genetic variation, and rapid evolution, others—particularly specialists—face heightened extinction risks. The paper integrates case studies, comparative analyses, and a conceptual framework illustrating adaptive pathways. It also evaluates conservation strategies aimed at enhancing adaptive capacity in fragmented landscapes. Understanding these adaptive mechanisms is critical for predicting ecosystem resilience and designing evidence-based conservation policies in the Anthropocene.